Extremely fast focal-plane wavefront sensing for extreme adaptive optics

We present a promising approach to the extremely fast sensing and correction of small wavefront errors in adaptive optics systems. As our algorithm's computational complexity is roughly proportional to the number of actuators, it is particularly suitable to systems with 10,000 to 100,000 actuators. Our approach is based on sequential phase diversity and simple relations between the point-spread function and the wavefront error in the case of small aberrations. The particular choice of phase diversity, introduced by the deformable mirror itself, minimizes the wavefront error as well as the computational complexity. The method is well suited for high-contrast astronomical imaging of point sources such as the direct detection and characterization of exoplanets around stars, and it works even in the presence of a coronagraph that suppresses the diffraction pattern. The accompanying paper in these proceedings by Korkiakoski et al. describes the performance of the algorithm using numerical simulations and laboratory tests.Comment: SPIE Paper 8447-7

Focal-plane wavefront sensing with high-order adaptive optics systems

We investigate methods to calibrate the non-common path aberrations at an adaptive optics system having a wavefront-correcting device working at an extremely high resolution (larger than 150x150). We use focal-plane images collected successively, the corresponding phase-diversity information and numerically efficient algorithms to calculate the required wavefront updates. The wavefront correction is applied iteratively until the algorithms converge. Different approaches are studied. In addition of the standard Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm, we test the extension of the Fast & Furious algorithm that uses three images and creates an estimate of the pupil amplitudes. We also test recently proposed phase-retrieval methods based on convex optimisation. The results indicate that in the framework we consider, the calibration task is easiest with algorithms similar to the Fast & Furious.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, published in SPIE proceeding

Calibrating a high-resolution wavefront corrector with a static focal-plane camera

We present a method to calibrate a high-resolution wavefront-correcting device with a single, static camera, located in the focal plane; no moving of any component is needed. The method is based on a localized diversity and differential optical transfer functions (dOTF) to compute both the phase and amplitude in the pupil plane located upstream of the last imaging optics. An experiment with a spatial light modulator shows that the calibration is sufficient to robustly operate a focal-plane wavefront sensing algorithm controlling a wavefront corrector with ~40 000 degrees of freedom. We estimate that the locations of identical wavefront corrector elements are determined with a spatial resolution of 0.3% compared to the pupil diameter.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in Applied Optic

The coronagraphic Modal Wavefront Sensor: a hybrid focal-plane sensor for the high-contrast imaging of circumstellar environments

The raw coronagraphic performance of current high-contrast imaging instruments is limited by the presence of a quasi-static speckle (QSS) background, resulting from instrumental non-common path errors (NCPEs). Rapid development of efficient speckle subtraction techniques in data reduction has enabled final contrasts of up to 10-6 to be obtained, however it remains preferable to eliminate the underlying NCPEs at the source. In this work we introduce the coronagraphic Modal Wavefront Sensor (cMWS), a new wavefront sensor suitable for real-time NCPE correction. This pupil-plane optic combines the apodizing phase plate coronagraph with a holographic modal wavefront sensor, to provide simultaneous coronagraphic imaging and focal-plane wavefront sensing using the science point spread function. We first characterise the baseline performance of the cMWS via idealised closed-loop simulations, showing that the sensor successfully recovers diffraction-limited coronagraph performance over an effective dynamic range of +/-2.5 radians root-mean-square (RMS) wavefront error within 2-10 iterations. We then present the results of initial on-sky testing at the William Herschel Telescope, and demonstrate that the sensor is able to retrieve injected wavefront aberrations to an accuracy of 10nm RMS under realistic seeing conditions. We also find that the cMWS is capable of real-time broadband measurement of atmospheric wavefront variance at a cadence of 50Hz across an uncorrected telescope sub-aperture. When combined with a suitable closed-loop adaptive optics system, the cMWS holds the potential to deliver an improvement in raw contrast of up to two orders of magnitude over the uncorrected QSS floor. Such a sensor would be eminently suitable for the direct imaging and spectroscopy of exoplanets with both existing and future instruments, including EPICS and METIS for the E-ELT.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures: accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic

Polarization Modeling and Predictions for DKIST Part 2: Application of the Berreman Calculus to Spectral Polarization Fringes of Beamsplitters and Crystal Retarders

We outline polarization fringe predictions derived from a new application of the Berreman calculus for the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) retarder optics. The DKIST retarder baseline design used 6 crystals, single-layer anti-reflection coatings, thick cover windows and oil between all optical interfaces. This new tool estimates polarization fringes and optic Mueller matrices as functions of all optical design choices. The amplitude and period of polarized fringes under design changes, manufacturing errors, tolerances and several physical factors can now be estimated. This tool compares well with observations of fringes for data collected with the SPINOR spectropolarimeter at the Dunn Solar Telescope using bi-crystalline achromatic retarders as well as laboratory tests. With this new tool, we show impacts of design decisions on polarization fringes as impacted by anti-reflection coatings, oil refractive indices, cover window presence and part thicknesses. This tool helped DKIST decide to remove retarder cover windows and also recommends reconsideration of coating strategies for DKIST. We anticipate this tool to be essential in designing future retarders for mitigation of polarization and intensity fringe errors in other high spectral resolution astronomical systems.Comment: Accepted for publication in JATI

Using the generalised-optical differentiation wavefront sensor for laser guide star wavefront sensing

Laser guide stars (LGS) are used in many adaptive optics systems to extend sky coverage. The most common wavefront sensor used in combination with a LGS is a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS). The ShackHartmann has a major disadvantage for extended source wavefront sensing because it directly samples the image. In this proceeding we propose to use the generalized-Optical Differentation Wavefront Sensor (g-ODWFS) a wavefront sensor for wavefront sensing of LGS. The g-ODWFS uses only 4 pixels per sub-aperture, has little to no aliasing noise and therefore no spurious low-order errors and has no need for centroid gain calibrations. In this proceeding we show the results of simulations that compare the g-ODWFS with the SHWFS

M&m's: An error budget and performance simulator code for polarimetric systems

Although different approaches to model a polarimeter's accuracy have been described before, a complete error budgeting tool for polarimetric systems has not been yet developed. Based on the framework introduced by Keller & Snik, in 2009, we have developed the M&m's code as a first attempt to obtain a generic tool to model the performance and accuracy of a given polarimeter, including all the potential error contributions and their dependencies on physical parameters. The main goal of the code is to provide insight on the combined influence of many polarization errors on the accuracy of any polarimetric instrument. In this work we present the mathematics and physics based on which the code is developed as well as its general structure and operational scheme. Discussion of the advantages of the M&m's approach to error budgeting and polarimetric performance simulation is carried out and a brief outlook of further development of the code is also given.Comment: Publ. date: 09/201

Fast & Furious focal-plane wavefront sensing

We present two complementary algorithms suitable for using focal-plane measurements to control a wavefront corrector with an extremely high-spatial resolution. The algorithms use linear approximations to iteratively minimize the aberrations seen by the focal-plane camera. The first algorithm, Fast & Furious (FF), uses a weak-aberration assumption and pupil symmetries to achieve fast wavefront reconstruction. The second algorithm, an extension to FF, can deal with an arbitrary pupil shape; it uses a Gerchberg–Saxton (GS)-style error reduction to determine the pupil amplitudes. Simulations and experimental results are shown for a spatial-light modulator controlling the wavefront with a resolution of 170×170  pixels. The algorithms increase the Strehl ratio from ∼0.75 to 0.98–0.99, and the intensity of the scattered light is reduced throughout the whole recorded image of 320×320  pixels. The remaining wavefront rms error is estimated to be ∼0.15  rad with FF and ∼0.10  rad with FF-GS